A representative image of wheat crops.
Credit: iStock Photo
Ramba: When all else fails, Satveer Singh knows his family will manage if they have a sack of wheat flour in the kitchen to make rotis. Served hot and stuffed with sliced raw onion, the simple meal of Indian flatbreads keeps hunger at bay.
For now, the family can just about cover their needs - thanks in part to the ration they receive from a government programme that distributes food to 80 crore people across India.
"It is not enough, but... on a bad day when money is tight, this wheat helps," Singh said, gesturing towards the sack of grains lying in a corner of his ramshackle house in Gheja village, a slum area outside New Delhi.
Ruminating over when to take the grains to be milled, he said supplies from the government programme were not always regular. A year or two ago, the family's wheat ration was partly replaced by rice - for their taste, a poor replacement.
In 2022, hot weather arrived early in India's major wheat growing regions, shrivelling crops and leading the government to ban wheat exports and reduce rations of the grain under the food distribution programme to protect domestic stocks.
A year later, history repeated itself. Even this year's crop will be 6.25 per cent lower than a government estimate of 112 million metric tons, a leading industry body forecasts, setting the stage for the country to import for the first time in six years.
Climate change impacts - including harsher heat, drought and floods - pose a major emerging threat to food security in India and elsewhere, accelerating diverse efforts to introduce crops that are better able to withstand shifting conditions.
Scientists in government research institutes and universities are racing to develop and distribute a broad range of climate-resilient wheat varieties that could prove vital to shoring up food security for the more than 140 crore people of India, the world's second-biggest wheat producer.
Traditionally, crop breeding programmes focused on boosting yield, "but that alone is no longer enough", said Aditi Mukherji, director for climate change adaptation and mitigation at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a research partnership on food systems.
"Now, (we) need seeds that can withstand higher temperatures and are drought-resilient, or those that incorporate several climate-resilient features," she said.
For farmers like Sukha Singh, who grows wheat on a 20-acre (eight-hectare) plot in the village of Ramba in northern Haryana, supplies of new, hardier seeds could not arrive quickly enough after hefty climate-related losses in recent years.
Harvest losses
Sukha Singh lost more than 30 per cent of his wheat crop due to the heatwave that swept into northern India's wheat belt in Haryana and Punjab in March 2022, before the normal hot season between April and June.
"Wheat is my main crop, any shock in the harvest puts a strain on my income that takes me at least two years to recover from," he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation on his farm, where this year's crops were nearing harvest.
Studies have shown how temperature increases linked to climate change could reduce global wheat yields by up to 30 per cent by mid-century, potentially slashing exports from major producers such as India and driving up global food prices.
In India, yields could fall by more than 8 per cent by 2035 due to higher maximum temperatures and reduced rainfall, according to a government assessment. The decline could top 20 per cent by the end of the century.
Following harvest losses over the last two years, more and more farmers in Haryana and Punjab are demanding and sowing climate-resilient varieties.
They are not always easy to find at local seed dealers, but Sukha Singh said he had been lucky.
"Fortunately... there was one that had just reached the dealer," he said.
Developed by the Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), a government-run research entity, the new variety has shown greater resilience against temperature fluctuations and untimely rains, and also came with the promise of increasing yields.
In 2023, as other farmers in Haryana counted their climate-related harvest losses for a second consecutive year, Sukha Singh's wheat crop had a healthy yield of 25 quintals (2.5 tons) per acre - in line with his long-term average.
He credits the new variety for the results.
"(These seeds) are the first line of defence" for the country's food security and the income of millions of farmers, he said.
Distribution challenges
More than 70 climate-resilient wheat varieties are being developed or are already on the market in India, catering to the vast country's diverse range of weather and soil conditions.
"These varieties save wheat crops against heat, drought, waterlogging and prevalent diseases," said IIWBR Director Gyanendra Pratap Singh.
Most were developed by cross-breeding indigenous seed genetics, while 20 per cent used genetic materials supplied by international organisations such as the Mexico-based International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, a leading global grains research institute.
But as climate change alters weather patterns around the world, developing new varieties quickly enough to respond and adapt is challenging, scientists say.
It takes three to four years to develop a new variety, with another two-three years for testing and a further three-four years for widespread distribution, said a government agriculture scientist working on the climate-proof wheat development.
That means it can take up to 10 years for a new seed variety to reach all of the country's farmers, said Palvinder Singh, the seed merchant in Ramba where Sukha Singh bought his climate-ready seeds.
The next big challenge, scientists said, is making them available to more farmers, more quickly, by adopting innovative distribution systems.
Typically, new seed varieties have first been sent to government agricultural bodies, for example the National Seed Corporation, and state corporations who are charged with distributing them and increasing production. Privately owned seed companies are then roped in to massify supply.
But under a new approach implemented by the IIWBR, small-scale seed dealers with a strong local network of farmer clients - people like Palvinder Singh - are being brought into supply channels, significantly accelerating the process.
The institute signed a memorandum of understanding with 200 smaller seed dealers and partnered directly with local farming associations.
That means newly developed and tested climate-ready varieties can reach farmers in three or four years instead, Palvinder Singh said.
Highlighting the successes of the strategy, the IIWBR's Pratap Singh said between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of the wheat ready to be harvested this year in Punjab and Haryana is from climate-resilient varieties.
The model is catching on and other government research institutions have also started including small-scale dealers in the early stages of seed distribution, Palvinder Singh said.
Fast and effective supply channels are not the only hurdle, however.
Crop development programmes must be well-funded and have access to state-of-the-art technology, such as tools driven by artificial intelligence (AI), Mukherji said.
Raising awareness among farmers is also vital, crop development experts said.
"First and foremost is that most of our farmers are resource poor with low levels of education ... Most sow the seeds saved from their last crop and do not buy from the markets," said Pratap Singh.
He said officials have been spreading the word about the new varieties in farming publications and via social media, but reaching every corner of the country is difficult.
"(Many) farmers in India ... would never access these channels of information," he added.
But as climate hazards grow, seeds alone will not be enough, Mukherji said. New growing practices will also be needed.
"Farmers are already making many changes, for example, changing timing of sowing and harvesting, also changing cropping patterns," she said, calling for more education and advisory services for the sector.
On his fields in Haryana, Sukha Singh was upbeat about this year's harvest despite record heat and other adverse weather earlier in the season.
Mentioning India's "green revolution" - when agriculture was modernised in the 1960s - he said science and new crop varieties had already helped the country to attain food self-sufficiency and turn the page on the "dark phase" of famine and mass hunger.
As climate change poses another threat, "new varieties will again help farmers out of this challenge", he added.