In the past year, the Covid-19 virus grabbed much of our attention. The collateral damage that it caused in one year is unimaginable. But did you know Tuberculosis (TB) kills a greater number of people in India every year than the lives Covid-19 has claimed over a year?
Tuberculosis continues to inflict a large quantum of socioeconomic cost on our nation. Although TB is curable and great strides have been made by our government to improve diagnosis and drug delivery mechanisms, our war with this deadly disease continues. All we need today is increased efforts to reduce the TB burden intensely.
Well, the best approach to this is to sensitise people to the growing burden of TB and empower them enough to identify symptoms, report them early, undergo timely diagnosis, and adhere to treatment.
What is Tuberculosis?
TB is an infection caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and spreads through the air from one person to another when an infected person coughs, sneezes or laughs. Even though the bacteria travel easily, it’s not easy to be infected by TB. Most often, it’s spread between family members, close friends, and people who live or work together. TB most commonly affects the lungs but it can affect other parts of the body as well like lymph glands, abdomen, spine, joints, etc. There are two kinds of TB infections - latent TB and active TB disease.
What is latent TB?
In most healthy people, the body’s natural immune system kills the bacteria and there are no symptoms. Sometimes, the immune system cannot kill the bacteria but manages to prevent it from spreading in the body. You will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. People with latent TB are not infectious to others and do not feel ill. This usually happens to children. But sometimes, this dormant TB gets activated when the body’s immune system is extremely low; say in the case of HIV, cancer, diabetes, etc.
This may occur like a normal fever and can go unnoticed. In India, we do not treat latent TB, as most people would have been exposed to the bacteria at some point in time.
What is active TB?
When the immune system is unable to kill or contain the bacteria, Active TB develops. Active TB disease of the lungs is contagious, which means it can be spread from one person to another. It is most often spread through the air; these bacteria may enter the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs. People nearby may breathe in the bacteria and get infected.
What are the risk factors?
Being in close contact with a person with Active Lung TB disease is highly risky
Being in contact with any groups known for passing on TB, such as the homeless, intravenous drug users and persons with HIV/AIDS is risky
You might be at risk if you are living or working with people who are at high risk for TB, such as those in hospitals, homeless shelters, prisons, slums, or refugee camps
Major signs and symptoms that you shouldn’t ignore:
A cough that lasts 2-3 weeks or more
Pain in the chest, with cough or at rest
Coughing up blood or thick mucous
Night sweats
Feeling weak or tired
Weight loss
Not wanting to eat
Fever, mostly in the evening
Swollen neck lymph-gland(s)
The longer people wait, the TB disease worsens. Although the stigma associated with TB has gone down significantly, there is a need for people to be alert, aware, and responsible when it comes to identifying symptoms and getting treated early. TB is treatable and curable. Treatment for drug-sensitive TB is a combination of antibiotics for six months. People with drug-resistant TB will need longer treatment with at least 5-6 drugs under expert supervision.
(The writer is Consultant-Pulmonologist & Sleep Medicine Expert at a hospital in Maharashtra)