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Marissa Nivison and Sheri Madigan for The Conversation
Sibling relationships are some of the longest-lasting relationships we have in our lives.
Half of Canadians and around 80 per cent of people worldwide have at least one sibling. Sibling relationships are unique from all other relationships because siblings often grow up together and share family history. Biological siblings even share genetics.
In childhood, children spend more time with their siblings than anyone else, including their parents. A longitudinal study found that the quality of sibling relationships in young adulthood was one of the strongest predictors of well-being at age 65.
Sibling relationships change as we grow. In early adulthood, maintaining the sibling relationship becomes a matter of choice, although most sibling relationships last a lifetime. In childhood, parents have important roles to play setting the stage for life-long positive sibling relationships.
As developmental and clinical psychologists, we recognise the profound impact siblings can have on development, especially having personally experienced the benefits, and sometimes the frustrations, within our own sibling relationships.
Sibling relationships and child development Not only is the sibling relationship unique, but it also serves an important role in a child’s development.
Children with siblings tend to develop better relationships with their peers, engage in more creative play and have higher empathy and a better understanding of others’ thoughts and feelings. They often develop social skills much earlier than children without siblings, which helps them form friendships when they start school.
Some studies have shown that positive sibling relationships also serve as a protective factor during difficult times, like high levels of life stress and marital conflict between parents.
It is not surprising that siblings can have a large impact on an individual’s development. For example, children may adjust their personalities to avoid conflict and competition with their sibling. Additionally, just knowing they have a sibling can positively affect a child.
Sibling conflicts, rivalry When we are kids, sibling relationships can be full of rivalry. In adolescence, sibling relationships tend to drift as we explore new relationships with peers and our own identity.
It is probably no surprise that a major topic in research on sibling relationships is conflict. Sibling conflict is quite common and, to some extent, can actually be good for children’s development.
The sibling relationship offers a unique context for children to resolve conflict because, unlike friendships, the sibling relationship cannot just end after a quarrel.
Through navigating conflict with siblings, children can learn valuable skills such as understanding others’ perspectives, developing empathy, improving listening skills, setting boundaries and standing up for their own self interests.
However, there is a fine line between small disagreements and conflict being the main feature of the sibling relationship. It is normal for siblings to feel rivalry and competition, but when this becomes the defining feature of the relationship, it can create a negative environment. Specifically, children can become jealous and start to resent their sibling when they feel the need to compete for their parents’ attention and approval.
How parents can navigate sibling conflict Although most parents say they don’t play favourites among siblings, up to 85 per cent of children believe their parents had a favourite.
One of the biggest predictors of sibling conflict is differential treatment by parents — including perceived differences in parenting. This means that even if a parent believes they are treating all children equally, a child often feels they are being treated differently.
For example, if both children are running through the house on separate occasions and one child receives a time out while the other is not allowed to go to a friend’s birthday party, the second child may perceive this as unfair, and naturally it creates tension in the sibling relationship. Parents should strive to be as fair as possible in their parenting by ensuring consistent consequences for similar misbehaviours among siblings.
Another key factor is for parents to recognise the individual strengths of each child and avoid unhealthy competition between siblings. For example, if one child does well in math, and the other does well in science, recognise their individual abilities and accomplishments and avoid comparing one sibling’s strength with the other’s weakness.
Promoting positive sibling relationships There are science-backed ways parents can promote positive sibling relationships.
1) Encourage positive engagement: Choose activities and interests that all siblings can enjoy together.
2) Identify what’s going well: Recognise when siblings support, co-operate and help each other.
3) Engage in shared experiences: Highlight each sibling’s unique strengths during activities that require teamwork.
4) Regulate emotions: Help children identify and process their emotions during difficult times.
5) Facilitate social and emotional understanding: Teach children about how to share their own feelings and understand and respect feelings of siblings.
6) Manage undesirable behaviours: Address negative behaviours like bossiness towards siblings.
7) Help children learn to consider the actions of their siblings, without assuming these actions are directed at them: It is important for children to understand that accidents happen and their siblings often do not have malicious intent toward them. For example, a parent might see a sibling accidentally knock over the toy tower.
8) Manage conflict: Parents can mediate conflict between children to help resolve situations fairly.
9) Examine parental differential treatment: Talk with children about instances when they feel they are being treated unfairly. Ask them to explain why they think something is “not fair” and discuss it together.
By implementing these strategies, parents can help build strong, positive and supporting relationships between siblings, which can support their well-being throughout their lifetimes.
(Marissa Nivison is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Psychology, University of Calgar and Sheri Madigan is a Professor, Canada Research Chair in Determinants of Child Development, Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgar)