By Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor, University of Guelph; Binyam Afewerk Demena, International Institute of Social Studies, and Peter A G van Bergeijk, International Institute of Social Studies for The Conversation
Globalisation is a multifaceted concept that describes the process of creating networks of connections around the world. It involves the interdependence of national economies and the integration of information, goods, labour and capital, to name a few.
In recent years, globalisation has been the subject of growing discontent and criticism, particularly after the election of former US president Donald Trump, Brexit and the American refusal to appoint members to the World Trade Organisation’s Appellate Body.
The backlash represents a major setback to the pace of globalisation and sets the stage for growing protectionism and nationalism around the world. Many criticisms have been political, but the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has introduced new health threats to globalisation.
In a sense, the pandemic has illuminated both globalisation (a virus went global in a few weeks thanks to globalisation and interconnectedness) and deglobalisation (the breakdown of international co-operation and the re-emergence of nationalism when it came to personal protective gear, medical devices and vaccines).
Covid-19 and globalisation
In our recent research, we detail the pandemic’s impact on the world economy via three components of globalisation: economic, social and political. The pandemic and the economic policy response to the crisis have had an impact on these three aspects to varying degrees.
1) Economic globalisation involves the flow of goods, services, capital and information through long-distance market transactions. Although the pandemic is global, regions and countries have experienced it differently based on various economic indicators.
Merchandise trade contracted for the global economy, but the rate of decline was more pronounced in advanced economies than in developing and emerging economies. Not only were trade flows affected, but the the impact of Covid-19 on foreign direct investment (FDI) was immediate as global FDI flows declined by nearly half in 2020.
2) Social globalisation was also significantly impacted by Covid-19. It pertains to interactions with people abroad including via migration, international phone calls and international remittances paid or received by citizens.
Social globalisation has been heavily affected by the Covid-19 pandemic because many countries have imposed travel restrictions on both residents and foreign travellers. Border closures hinder migration, especially the movement of tourists and international students. Migrant remittances were also affected, not because of any formal restrictions on remittances, but mainly because of the impact the pandemic had on immigrant employment.
3) Political globalisation involves the ability of countries to engage in international political co-operation and diplomacy, as well as implementing government policy.
The initial outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic affected international co-operation negatively, in part because of the blame game between the two largest economies in the world, the United States and China.
Later, many nations worked together to fight the pandemic. China, for example, supported countries like Italy, which became the epicentre of the Covid-19 pandemic in Europe.
Politically, the outbreak of Covid-19 could be used as a building block in the future to reinforce international co-operation and strengthen the pillars of political globalisation.
Covid-19 and previous economic crises
Because of well-established and interdependent global production and supply chains, economic forecasts were pessimistic in the early months of the pandemic due to international border closures and business shutdowns.
The prospect of the world plunging into another major and long-term economic recession similar to the Great Depression in the 1930s and the 2008 recession was top of mind for economists, governments and citizens.
But predictions about the death of globalisation were, in hindsight, grossly exaggerated. Recovery efforts took hold early compared to those two major economic crises, suggesting global trade is much more resilient than anticipated.
In fact, there’s reason to be optimistic about the Covid-19 economic recovery as well as the future of globalisation.
Multinational enterprises already had their stress test during the 2008-2009 collapse of world trade. That collapse kickstarted a process of deglobalisation, but global merchandise trade and industrial production recovered to previous highs quickly — and they’ve done so even more swiftly during the Covid-19 crisis. The shock was sharp and immediate, but so was the recovery.
The so-called invisible flows (FDI, remittances, tourism, official development co-operation) have been hit harder, and full recovery is not to be expected until vaccination rollouts are sufficiently global in scope. Nonetheless, it’s not unrealistic to expect a speedy economic recovery once the pandemic has passed.
The disease of inequality
Ironically, the attacks on globalisation were a symptom of an underlying disease — inequality — that have been illuminated by the pandemic.
Globalisation lacked a trickling down of benefits to those who most needed them. The pandemic taught us that inequalities are the breeding ground for the spreading of literal diseases and the suffering that follows. Reducing vulnerabilities to future epidemics requires tackling those inequalities.
But the fight against future crises cannot be limited to domestic developments only, because inequality is global. Adhering to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is therefore a high-return investment project.
The push towards deglobalisation certainly still exists. But economies are now digitally connected in ways they’ve never been before.
That’s a positive development, because ending the Covid-19 pandemic and preventing future crises requires international co-operation and a global effort to ensure no single country is left behind. Vaccines must be made available and affordable to all countries, as just reiterated by the leaders of G7 nations in their promise to supply one billion doses of the Covid-19 vaccine to poorer nations.
Just as globalisation has ramifications for all countries, the health of one nation affects the health of all nations. It requires a global approach to ensure equality for all the world’s citizens.