NASA's eye-movement test to detect sleep loss

NASA has developed a test that uses a range of eye movements to detect acute sleep deprivation in people.

Lack of sleep is thought to play a role in up to 30 per cent of all motor vehicle crashes and even implicated in catastrophic events, such as the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, researchers said.

As sleepy individuals are often unaware of their performance impairments, there is a critical need for objective measures of deficits due to sleepiness to prevent accidents, they said.

The study, published in The Journal of Physiology, shows that a range of eye-movement tests provides a reliable biomarker of individual acute sleep loss.

The research, conducted at NASA's Ames Research Center in the US, found that a set of easily-obtainable eye-movement measures could be used to provide a sensitive and reliable tool to detect small neural deficits.

Importantly, these measures could even be used to distinguish sleep-related impairment from that due to alcohol or brain injury.

To establish a baseline, the team had the participants experience two weeks with a regular 8.5 hours per night sleep schedule and abstain from any alcohol, drugs, or caffeine so that they were sure they started the experiment completely well-rested with no sleep debt or disruptions.

They then had the participants spend up to 28 hours awake in the Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory at NASA Ames, where they tested them periodically throughout the day and night to monitor how their visual and eye-movement performance changed throughout the day-night cycle.

By using state-of-the-art eye movement research techniques, they were able to generate reliable effects showing trends of increasing impairment throughout the night for components of motion perception, such as smooth, continuous tracking eye movements (called pursuit), and effects on the small, episodic, jumping corrective eye movements.

The researchers found that when participants were asked to track stimuli with unpredictable onset, direction, speed, and starting location, human eye movements were dramatically impaired.

These findings have important implications for individuals who work in jobs requiring vigilant monitoring and precise motor action, such as military personnel, surgeons and truck drivers.

These measures could be used in assessing individuals working during the biological night, or following sleep loss.

"There are significant safety ramifications for workers who may be performing tasks that require precise visual coordination of one's actions when sleep deprived or during night shifts," said Lee Stone, senior author of the study.

"By looking at a wide variety of components of human eye movements, we could not only detect sleepiness but also distinguish it from other factors, such as alcohol use or brain injury, that we have previously shown cause subtly different deficits in eye movements," said Stone.