Israel used 2,000-pound bombs in strike on Jabalia, analysis shows

Israel used at least two 2,000-pound bombs during an airstrike Tuesday on Jabalia, a dense area just north of Gaza City, according to experts and an analysis conducted by The New York Times of satellite images, photos and videos.

Hospital officials said dozens of civilians were killed and hundreds wounded in the strike. Israel said it was targeting a Hamas commander and fighters, as well as the network of underground tunnels used by Hamas, the militant group that controls the Gaza Strip, to hide weapons and fighters.

Israel's use of such bombs, the second largest type in its arsenal, is not uncommon, and the size is generally the largest that most militaries use on a regular basis. They can be used to target underground infrastructure, but their deployment in a dense and heavily populated area such as Jabalia has raised questions of proportionality -- whether Israel's intended targets justify the civilian death toll and destruction its strikes cause.

Evidence and analysis show that the Israeli military dropped at least two 2,000-pound bombs on the site. Two impact craters are about 40 feet wide -- dimensions consistent with underground explosions this type of weapon would produce in light, sandy soil, according to a 2016 technical study by Armament Research Services, a munitions research consultancy.

Marc Garlasco, one of the authors of the study, said the bombs might have had "a delay fuse," which delays detonation until milliseconds after penetration of the surface or a building so that the explosion's destructive power reaches more deeply.

The bombs are normally outfitted with guidance kits called Joint Direct Attack Munitions, turning them from so-called dumb bombs into precision, GPS-guided weapons.

Garlasco, who works as a military adviser for the Dutch organization PAX, said it was unclear from visuals alone if the bombs were equipped with bunker-busting warheads, which are designed to pierce through reinforced military structures. But Israel's publicly stated objective was to target a Hamas leader in an underground bunker.

Without access to the strike site, the Times was not able to determine whether there were tunnels below.

The only larger bomb in Israel's arsenal is 4,500-5,000 pounds, according to Jeremy Binnie, the Middle East and Africa editor for defense intelligence firm Janes.

Eighty-three countries, including the United States but not Israel, have signed a commitment to refrain "as appropriate, from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas" because of their likelihood of harming civilians.

"Israel's continual bombardment of Gaza, including this Jabalia strike, magnifies this concern many times over," said Omar Shakir, the Israel and Palestine director at Human Rights Watch.

The Israeli military has declined to comment on the number and specific type of weapons it used in Jabalia. Its public messaging around its repeated strikes on Jabalia this week, however, has led to some confusion.

In social media posts, the Israeli military claimed that a strike video showed the killing of the head of Hamas' anti-tank missile unit on Wednesday. But the Times determined the footage in fact captured the strike on Jabalia on Tuesday, which Israel claimed killed a different commander. The military declined to comment on the reason for the discrepancy.