Gay fathers receive less parental leave than others

Gay men around the world receive less paid parental leave than lesbian or heterosexual couples, researchers said on Thursday, with many left struggling to pay household bills if they opt to spend more time at home with their children.

The study by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) examined paternity laws in 33 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that offer paid leave to new parents.

First published in the Journal of Social Policy, the research found that gay male couples received the same number of weeks off as different-sex couples in just 12% of those nations.

Lesbian couples received equitable time off in just under 60% of the countries studied, it said.

"A lot of the differences in leave stem from gender stereotypes where women are the primary caregivers," Elizabeth Wong, the lead author, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

"That not only affects heterosexual couples, it greatly disadvantages same-sex male couples."

Laws in most countries did not prohibit same-sex couples from paid leave, but policies only referenced the needs of heterosexual couples and did not acknowledge same-sex couples.

As of 2019, same-sex marriage was legal in less than 30 countries, and gay sex remains illegal in about 70 countries.

The rise of far-right political parties around the world has raised concern around LGBT+ rights, and the fight for parenthood or adoption rights is a legislative battle even in countries like Germany.

On average, same-sex male couples had five fewer months of paid leave than different-sex couples, while same-sex females received three fewer months than heterosexual couples, researchers said.

The study did not address transgender or non-binary couples.

Australia, New Zealand, Iceland and Sweden were the only countries to offer the same paid leave to all couples, including gay men, ranging from 18 to 70 weeks.

Turkey and Israel offered gay couples no leave, and Switzerland offered no paternity leave to any men.

While companies in Switzerland often offer parental leave to men, only a minority of people benefited, said Jody Heymann, a director at the WORLD Policy Analysis Center.

"There's little doubt that if you want to avoid discrimination, it's far better for paid leave to be done through social insurance," said Heymann of government-funded public health programs.

A 2018 report from the WORLD Policy Analysis Center found that OECD countries that offered six months paid parental leave saw increased numbers of workers and no change to unemployment or economic growth.

Expanding paid leave can also lead to reduced government spending on public assistance, according to the Institute for Women's Policy Research in the United States.

Adoption leave for same-sex couples ranged from zero to 104 weeks, while different-sex could expect seven to 178 weeks, and male couples continued to see a starker difference in leave than female couples.

"Many of these laws have to gender unequal assumptions about who is going to provide care and who is going to provide work we have to undo them," said Heymann.